Chinese traditional value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chinese traditional value - Essay Example However, the Chinese traditional values demonstrate the rich history of Confucian culture that emphasis on respect for the elderly and caring for the needy. As far as cultural values are trusted as vital elements in determining the behaviors of members of the society, it is not possible to hear, touch or even taste their existence. This is because cultural values are passionately contained within the hearts of the members of the society where it would be maintained through all dynasties. In contrary to western countries, Chinese has its own unique values, very distinct in terms of morals standards and attitudes some of as identified below (Hofstede 243).THESIS: Chinese traditional values significantly differ with the western traditional cultures. Chinese falls amongst the countries that experience high cultural contexts and for this reason, they exhibit a lot of collectivism in contrary to western countries which endorse a culture of individualism especially in terms of power, what has been gained or what is expected to be gained. Chinese has put at the forefront the recognition of collectivism and value to all members of the society. Their culture is an impediment and labeled with all efforts of synergy as everybody get equal measure of treatment as one unified group. Going by this cultural practice, Chinese value recognizes collectivism as compared to individual identity. Due to such reasons, much attention is given to group unity than self-attention and personal opinions. Moreover, they believed that anybody practicing self-assertive behavior is of disgrace to the society and should awarded no respect since he poses extreme danger on unity or peaceful coexistence between members of the group and the society at large. In s imple terms, all members of the group must harmonize co-existence with each other through allegiance, loyalty, participation and equitable sharing

Luxury Goods in Hong Kong, China Essay Example for Free

Luxury Goods in Hong Kong, China Essay Luxury goods experienced a slowdown in current value growth for 2012 against 2011, largely attributed by the unstable economic conditions brought about by the 2011 Euro crisis as well as the slowing down of the Chinese economy. While consumers’ sentiments were still relatively strong, spending continued to tilt towards a more cautious end. Depreciation of Euros also saw more consumers heading to Hong Kong for holidays and in turn purchasing luxury goods from there to take advantage of the. Euromonitor International’s Luxury Goods in Hong Kong, China report offers a comprehensive guide to the size and shape of the Luxury Goods market at a national level. It provides the latest retail sales data, allowing you to identify the sectors driving growth. It identifies the leading companies, the leading brands and offers strategic analysis of key factors influencing the market and their effects on Luxury Goods retailing along with the development of consumers’ shopping patterns. Forecasts to 2017 illustrate how the market is set to change. Buy a Report Copy @ http://www.rnrmarketresearch.com/contacts/purchase?rname=88087. Product coverage: Designer Apparel (Ready-to-Wear), Fine Wines/Champagne and Spirits, Luxury Accessories, Luxury Cigars, Luxury Electronic Gadgets, Luxury Jewellery and Timepieces, Luxury Travel Goods, Luxury Writing Instruments and Stationery, Super Premium Beauty and Personal Care.Data coverage: market sizes (historic and forecasts), company shares, brand shares and distribution data. Why buy this report? Get a detailed picture of the Luxury Goods market; Pinpoint growth sectors and identify factors driving change; Understand the competitive environment, the market’s major players and leading brands;

American Women Leaving the Home and Going to Work Essay -- Working-Wom

One of the most significant sociological changes in the nation's history began in the last decade of the nineteenth century and the ramifications are still being felt today. This change consisted of the large numbers of women who entered the work force. This dramatic change in American society was accompanied by a great deal of controversy and prejudice directed towards women. It was predicted that female employment would bring about the downfall of society and the change of the American family. While a large portion of the public was appalled by the thought of independent young working women, they were also fascinated. Therefore, the attitudes of the public toward these women can be seen in the literature that was produced at that time. The works of Edith Wharton and Theodore Dreiser immediately come to mind as dramatizations of the life of women of this period. Slowly, attitudes began to change. The employment opportunities for women enlarged and women began to slowly gain their rights as full citizens, finally receiving the right to vote in 1920. The attitudes of the women in the work force also changed as time progressed. At first, they struggled for even the opportunity to work. As the century progressed, they became more active in union activities and, as newspapers from the period demonstrate, they fought to achieve better working conditions and better wages. By 1900, many poor and working-class young women, mostly of Northern white extraction, were leaving the confines and moral structures of their families and elders and venturing forth to the large industrial cities such as New York (Lunbeck 781). There they became enthusiastic participants of the new pleasures that were offered to consumers in the brand-new century. Essentially, these young women added a stage to the female life cycle that had not previously existed à ±adolescence (Lunbeck 781). In the 1890s, female factory workers were seen as a serious economic and social threat. Because women generally worked at the bottom of the pay scale, the theory was that they depressed the overall pay scale for all workers (Kessler-Harris 98). Many solutions were suggested at this time that all revolved around the idea of these women getting marriedà ³the idea being that a married woman would not work for wages. Although this idea seems ludicrous from a modern perspective, it should be noted that t... ...Times (1913): 12 January, p. 7. Connell, Eileen. "Edith Wharton joins the working classes : 'The House of Mirth' and The New York City Working Girls' Clubs," Women's Studies, v26 n6 (1997): November, pp. 557-604. Dreiser, Theodore. "Sister Carrie". Dover Publications, 2004. Fennell, Dorothy E. "Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working-Class Politics in the United States, 1900-1965," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, v49 n4 (1996): July, pp. 773-774. Keep, Christopher. "The cultural work of the Type-Writer Girl," Victorian Studies, V40 n3 (1997): Spring, pp. 401-426. Web. 26 May 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3829292?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Kessler-Harris, Alice. Out to work: a history of wage-earning women in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982). Web. 26 May 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2150229?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Lunbeck, Elizabeth. "The 'girl problem': female sexual delinquency in New York, 1900-1930," Journal of American History; June 1996, Vol. 83 Issue 1 Web. 26 May 2015. http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/48102053/the-girl-problem-female-sexual-delinquency-new-york-1900-1930

The Effects of the Holocaust on Individual and Society Essay -- Essays

The Effects of the Holocaust on Individual and Society "What the world learned from the Holocaust is that you can kill six million Jews and no one will care."1 The Holocaust occurred because society neglected the individual, allowing six million Jews to be killed before the rest of the world intervened. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, society had to come to terms with the changing needs of the individual, especially the Jewish individual. The effects of the Holocaust caused the Jews to re-identify themselves and develop their loyalty to the Jewish race. Society had to overcome the initial view of the Jews as "the other" and learn to accept them and other minorities. Society also had to implement methods by which to prevent possible future mass genocide. The Holocaust left lasting effects on the relationship between the individual and society, resulting in a greater responsibility of the society for the individual. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, it is the responsibility of society to understand the loss experienced by the Jews to help prevent mass genocide. While the idea of six million Jews killed in the Holocaust may seem like a lot, it is still just an abstract number to those not concerned with the Holocaust directly. What society needs to understand is that the six million is someone’s mother, son, grandparent, or friend. Those who survived the Holocaust must live with this trauma everyday; for them, it is not just a historic event.2 Innocent Jews were persecuted, tortured, and murdered for their faith and only for their faith. The unimaginable actually happened to them. Once society can understand the loss felt by the Jews, it can learn how to prevent the Holocaust from happening again. The Holoc... ... 8. Rappaport, 96 9. Hass, 91 10. Gur-Ze’ev, 161-177 11. Hass, 40. 12. Hass, 183 13. Andrew Nagorski, "A Strange Affair," Newsweek, 15 June 1998, 36-38. 14. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, "Europe’s Success Story," Newsweek, 15 June 1998, 38. 15. Hass, 193. 16. Rappaport, 47. Bibliography - Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah. "Europe’s Success Story." Newsweek, 15 June 1998, 38. - Gur-Ze’ev, Ilan. "The Morality of acknowledging/not acknowledging the other’s Holocaust/genocide." Journal of Moral Education, June 1998, 161-177. - Hass, Aaron. The Aftermath. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. - Nagorski, Andrew. "A Strange Affair." Newsweek, 15 June 1998, 36-38. - Rappaport, Lynn. Jews in Germany after the Holocaust: Memory, identity and Jewish- German relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Observation of Chemical changes Essay

Abstract: The purposes of this lab is to observe the reactions of some common chemicals contained in consumer products and observe the macroscopic changes these chemicals undergo. Purpose: The purpose of the lab is to be able to interpret underlying macroscopic changes in terms of the behavior of atoms and molecules and also to learn how to separate mixtures into their component substances by solubility. Procedures/Materials Needed: 1 Toothpicks 1 Sheet of white and dark paper 1 Paper towel 1 Distilled water 1 Small amounts of household cleaning products 1 Goggle-safety 1 Well-Plate-24 1 Well-Plate-96 1 Pipet, Empty Short Stem 1 Aqueous Ammonia, 1M -1mL 1 Bromthymol Blue, 0.04% – 2 mL in Pipet 1 Copper (II) Sulfate, 0.2 M – 2 mL in Pipet 1 FDC Blue Dye #-1.0.1% – 2 mL in Pipet 1 Hydrochloric Acid, 1.0M-1 mL 1 Lead (II) Nitrate, 0.2 M- 2 mL in Pipet 1 PhenolphthaleinSolution1%1mL 1 Potassium Iodide, 0.1 M-2 mL in Pipet 1 Silver Nitrate, 0.1 N – 2 mL in white Dropper Bottle 1 Sodium Bicarbonate, 1 M – 2 mL in Pipet 1 Sodium Hydroxide, 1 M – 1 mL 1 Sodium Hypochlorite, 1% – 2 mL in Pipet 1 Starch Solution, 1% Stabilized – 2 mL in Pipet 1. For the following combinations of chemicals and using a different well of the 96-well plate for each combination, place 2 pipet drops of the first in one well and add 2 drops of the second chemical. Next observe the mixtures against the white and dark backgrounds by slipping white and black paper underneath the well plate. For each reaction record the well number of the mixture and your observations. a. Sodium Bicarbonate and Hydrochloric Acid b. Hydrochloric Acid and Bromothymol Blue c. Ammonia and Bromothymol Blue d. Hydrochloric Acid and Blue Dye e. Blue Dye and Sodium Hypochlorite f. Potassium Iodide and Lead Nitrate g. Sodium Hydroxide and Phenolphthalein h. Hydrochloric Acid and Phenolphthalein i. Sodium Hydroxide and Silver Nitrate j. Silver Nitrate and Ammonia k. Ammonia and Copper Sulfate Data and Observations: Sodium Hydroxide and Silver Nitrate Silver Nitrate and Ammonia Ammonia and Copper Sulfate Hint of pink when silver added looks like brown mud Brown Sediment layer baby blue with dark layer on top. A. Suppose a household product label says it contains sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate). How would you test this material for the presence of sodium bicarbonate? You would mix it with HCI and observe it for bubbles. B. You know what color phenolphthalein and Bromothymol blue turn when testing an acid or a base. Use the empty pipet in the Auxiliary Supplies Bag to test several household items including household cleaning products with Bromothymol. Name the items tested and record their results. What do these results mean? Bleach with Bromothymol Blue – Yellow and blue layer/ it separates the acid and the base. Hand Soap with Bromothymol Blue – Turned yellow which means it’s an acid. Ammonia with Bromothymol Blue – Dark blue which means it’s a base. C. You found a sample of a solution that has a faint odor of vinegar. You are verifying that is indeed vinegar and you add a few drops of phenolphthalein. The sample turns pink. What assumption can you make about this sample. When turning pink it would mean it was a basic solution meaning the solution isn’t vinegar because vinegar is an acid. D. You decided to investigate if the new wave of vitamin water is pH neutral: neither to acidic nor to basic. Using Bromothymol blue, you select five flavors of Vitamin Water to test. Three of the flavor-samples turn a murky  green, indicating the likelihood of acid/base balance. Of the two remaining, one turns slight yellow, while one remains blue. What can you assume about the acid/base content of these particular flavors of Vitamin Water. You could assume that the three were neutral, the more yellow solution was more acidic and the blue solution was basic. E. You have read that a new brand of hair tonic is supposed to contain lead (an ingredient in Grecian Formula). Devise a simple test to confirm the presence or absence of lead in that hair tonic. You could add potassium iodide and if there is lead it will precipitate. Results/Analysis: The objective of the lab was to observe the macroscopic changes that occur in chemical reactions and attempt to interrupt the macroscopic changes of the atoms and molecules that allow for the macroscopic changes to happen. This taught me how to distinguish between acids and bases, how to differentiate between one chemicals reaction to many different other chemicals when added together and what these reactions mean. Errors that could have occurred were that the drops of chemicals could have easily been different sizes, which could have made the reactions different than if everything was an even ratio. Although since we were using such small amounts of each of the chemicals I feel the reactions were quit normal. Except for the silver nitrate and ammonia, there wasn’t any reaction that was recorded because I feel we didn’t use enough chemicals. We used our observations from another lab group whose paper turned brown after some time under a light. This error could have occurred because we didn’t hold our tissue closer to the light bulb or long enough. Conclusion: This lab experiment forces an individual to think critically as to what macroscopic changes are occurring and why they are occurring. It taught us the difference between acids, bases, and neutrals, also if two specific chemicals are mixed together such as, potassium iodide and lead nitrate it will take on a precipitate form. I also learned how important ratios are in an experiment. If one chemical is greater than another, than a  completely different reaction can occur than expected. With this said it is also important for us to learn how to separate mixtures into their component substance and solubility. If specific chemicals for example, HDI were greater in ratio than the reactions could have turned out much different. All in all, the entire lab was presumably helpful and a great introduction for what’s to come in class.

Free Essays on Beauty And The Beast

The Story as a Skeleton Ring around the rosies, a pocket full of posies, ashes, ashes, we all fall down. To modern society this seems like a nonsensical children’s rhyme, instead of a rhyme about the Black Death and horrors that it held for society at that time. Without knowledge of the origins of the rhyme, it is just that. The same goes for stories and fairy tales. Stories provide a glimpse of what is taking place in the society of the times. By comparing different versions of the same story over time one can make connections to society’s values and the evens of the time period. One can also compare stories within the same time period to achieve different viewpoints within the society itself. Looking at the story of beauty and the beast, one can use this example to lean much about the values that certain societies hold at certain times. The story of beauty and the beast has its origins in the early Roman myth of Cupid and Psyche, and since then has evolved into the modern versions that we have today such as the animated Disney film Beauty and the Beast and Barbara G. Walker’s Ugly and the Beast. Throughout time the fundamental ideas of the story remain the same. A selfless and devoted daughter willingly sacrifices herself for her father. Although the beauty character has sisters who are sad to see her go to an almost certain death in the clutches of the beast, the others will not even volunteer to go in place of her. The beauty character is then rewarded for her selflessness with her marriage to an important and wealthy husband who is much to her liking. Although the stories vary dramatically, these three elements are present in all of the versions. In Cupid and Ps yche, Psyche is the beauty character. Her father travels to an oracle to ask how to find a decent husband for Psyche. Much to his dismay the oracles reveals that Psyche is to go to a rocky summit to await her fearful husband in the form of a winged serpent. Psych... Free Essays on Beauty And The Beast Free Essays on Beauty And The Beast The Story as a Skeleton Ring around the rosies, a pocket full of posies, ashes, ashes, we all fall down. To modern society this seems like a nonsensical children’s rhyme, instead of a rhyme about the Black Death and horrors that it held for society at that time. Without knowledge of the origins of the rhyme, it is just that. The same goes for stories and fairy tales. Stories provide a glimpse of what is taking place in the society of the times. By comparing different versions of the same story over time one can make connections to society’s values and the evens of the time period. One can also compare stories within the same time period to achieve different viewpoints within the society itself. Looking at the story of beauty and the beast, one can use this example to lean much about the values that certain societies hold at certain times. The story of beauty and the beast has its origins in the early Roman myth of Cupid and Psyche, and since then has evolved into the modern versions that we have today such as the animated Disney film Beauty and the Beast and Barbara G. Walker’s Ugly and the Beast. Throughout time the fundamental ideas of the story remain the same. A selfless and devoted daughter willingly sacrifices herself for her father. Although the beauty character has sisters who are sad to see her go to an almost certain death in the clutches of the beast, the others will not even volunteer to go in place of her. The beauty character is then rewarded for her selflessness with her marriage to an important and wealthy husband who is much to her liking. Although the stories vary dramatically, these three elements are present in all of the versions. In Cupid and Ps yche, Psyche is the beauty character. Her father travels to an oracle to ask how to find a decent husband for Psyche. Much to his dismay the oracles reveals that Psyche is to go to a rocky summit to await her fearful husband in the form of a winged serpent. Psych...

Advanced Guide on How to Write an Aviation Essay

Advanced Guide on How to Write an Aviation Essay Humans have been dreaming about wings to fly, notable from legends of the past as well as the stereotypical success career of piloting. Ask any random child today about their ambitions and flying still ranks high amongst their dreams. Nevertheless, the aviation industry is known for its emphasis on procedures, where aviation professionals abide by a host of protocols for maximizing human and machine safety at all times. It is concerned with the proper use and maintenance of aircraft, specifically since most of the planes are worth far more than the average home. The industry holds its place as the latest mode of transport compared to the land and marine channels. With its conception around the 18th century, the aviation industry has grown by leaps and bounds, demonstrating a marked reduction in size from the ubiquitous hot air balloons to the minute drones in the contemporary society today. The aviation industry is composed of a fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, which maintain their relevance by performing critical tasks. The aviation industry is relied upon during emergencies, where speed combines with agility to improve the welfare of the society. It means that an injured climber stranded on Everest relies on aircraft to ferry them to safety. The history of the aviation industry in the modern era is characterized by human flight occasioned by engineering and scientific feats. Early aviators recognized physical and chemical properties in their quest to fly, giving rise to machines designed to weigh much lighter than air. The developments saw the success of hydrogen or helium filled airships that crisscrossed above the lands with style and grace. For instance, an airship known as Graf Zeppelin committed more than a million miles of flight, not forgetting an around the world trip that drew much fanfare. The aviation industry soon morphed into a complicated venture with the introduction of heavier than air machines. The new planes competed with their lighter counterparts, extending the flight range in the process. The roaring 20s saw the introduction of the famous Douglas DC-3 airliners, carrying hordes of passengers together with consignments from one corner of the world to another. The development of the aviation industry changed the world and America at large, providing opportunities for investment together with the employment of millions of people to date. Organization within the aviation sector is important, giving rise to systemic institutions that regulate and enforce aviation rules. All aviation stakeholders are required to offer proficient and certified academic credentials complemented by industry certification and licenses. It is critical also for aircraft to maintain proper records, revolving around their flight time together with service and maintenance logs in the process. The landing and take-off procedures also prove critical to aviation safety, where the air traffic controllers show their mastery. Any slight deviation or miscommunication between handlers and pilots could result in catastrophic accidents or collisions. It is fitting that aviation has proven critical to America’s defense capabilities, where military aircraft support troops as well as deter enemies from attacking the state. The prompt nature with which military aircraft respond to national security threats is enough to discourage other governments from starting a war with the country. On the other side of the spectrum, civil aviation deals with the transport of people and goods and is dominated by manufacturers such as Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier as well as Embraer. All in all, the aviation industry has attracted waves of condemnation from the public and private institutions, where environmental pollution is concerned. High altitude aircraft are known to spew aerosols and contaminants, which threaten the air quality of the troposphere. If that is not enough, the massive consumption levels of fuel associated with air travel do little to quell the negative sentiments. 3 Ideas to Choose the Most Appropriate Topic Idea #1: The Pollution Selecting the most appropriate topic for your aviation essay is not that difficult. It is important to consider the things that first come to mind, especially concerning the adverse environmental impacts of the Aviation industry. Understanding the practical scenario of air pollution makes sense since it will instill a culture of change within the budding aviation professional. For instance, grasping the extent of harm will inculcate new thinking and designs that take a lower toll on the environment. When information about air pollution is made aware to the public and industry insiders, then they will be better placed to contribute towards the creation of a less hazardous environment. Idea #2: Aviation Safety Another credible topic revolves around aviation safety, where a comparison is made on a timeline basis. It is important to gauge the trend of air safety, ensuring that the future sector is well suited to maximizing the health and safety of its society. Safety revolves around the aircraft maintenance procedures as well as the code of conduct for aviation professionals. Such conditions would also extend to the governing body’s stand of safety principles. Institutions such as FAA are involved in ensuring the compliance with high-quality aviation materials, where airframes, as well as other fittings, must be tested more than once. Writing about the airworthiness of planes in commercial and private settings will work well in improving the public confidence levels of the regulations and their implementation. Idea #3: Technology Technology in aviation is also another credible topic to explore, where the introduction of drone technology could revolutionize air transport and the world. The manufacture or assembly of these aviation products has grown much simpler, where enthusiasts could easily make customized drones. It is such revolutions that change the regulation of the industry, where understanding how the government or the governing bodies handle the day-to-day operations of these drones. For instance, how could the aviation agencies license and register drones intended for commercial or recreational use? These challenges are worth investigating, not forgetting the security issues to do with drones. It is important to consider how to counter terrorists that drop improvised explosive devices using drones or even worse biological agents that may threaten the health of the nation. Some of the topics covered in the aviation course revolve around air regulations, where an individual gets a good grasp of the law and air traffic services required for maximizing human safety. Additionally, researching the most frequent aviation violations will provide loads of literary content such as navigation routes as well as protocols. Understanding the mistakes and improprieties of aviation experts will work well in raising the awareness of aviation and synoptic meteorology, ensuring that future professionals desist from entering the same hole of turbulent conditions. For instance, many violate the 14 CFR rules, which revolve around certification, flight and ground instructions, rebuilding and alterations as well as Medical standards. If that is not enough, writing about the importance of the ARROW checklist will demystify myths, ensuring that aviation stakeholders are safe at all times. The checklist is responsible for guaranteeing the provision of aviation documentation, wh ich includes: Airworthiness certificate Registration certificates Radio station license Operating limitations Weight and balance documents Analyzing the aviation industry is not complete without understanding the history of the discipline, particularly before the industrial age. Essays on aviation history have a wide range of topics to explore, particularly with the abundant feats established by early aviators. Such scenes make sense when investigating the exploits of the first female pilot to navigate the world as well as the accomplishments of the Wright brothers. Other renowned names to explore include the first manned and powered flight by Clement Ader as well as the development of the fixed-wing machines during the 1800s. It is also important to cross over to the business side of aviation, where information is awash concerning the most profitable airline firms as well as their business strategies. The aviation sector attracts cutthroat competitive levels, where incompetent firms find their way out of the market through poor sales. Gauging the financial performance of established airlines such as British Airways, Emirates Airlines, and local firms will be enough to know the industry performance in the long-run. Such information would also make aviation professionals want to associate with such brands that do well in the challenging aviation sector. It is helpful if the aviation essay also includes the most sought services by consumers, which will ensure industry stakeholders cater to their clients’ needs. Customers that require comfort for long-haul flights are different from their short-routes counterparts, which require minimal services and pleasantries. Don’t forget to consider the development of new aircraft, where Boeing and Airbus continually show their mettle with the introduction of new and improved models. The introduction of the Boeing Dreamliner together with its A380 counterpart sent shockwaves across the aviation industry concerning economies of scale. The capacity to handle hundreds of passengers at a go is a game-changer, particularly with the increasing demand for travel. The rise of globalization has increased the need for geographical mobility, where business travelers, as well as tourists, explore new markets. Pre-writing Tips: Aim for the Writing Process Creating a successful essay begins with prewriting, which is made easier by adopting the appropriate strategies. Writing an aviation essay is impossible without free writing, which ranks as the most popular form of prewriting. It works to help one develop the supporting arguments, where the author nurtures ideas in descending order. It means that one starts with the strongest points, moving on to others according to their significance. Free writing involves jotting down ideas nonstop while staying true to the topic in question. The technique creates momentum for the writing process, where the author does not need to abide by grammar rules in the course of quickly scrawling the arguments. It is wrong to pause at this stage of writing, especially when many writers are tempted to look back on their content. It is even better to write anything that comes to mind rather than pondering and cutting short the stream of thoughts. Another strategy of prewriting is brainstorming where the author uses some time to come up with literary ideas. Brainstorming takes at most five minutes, where the author lists every word that comes to mind, as long as they resonate with the selected topic. Once complete, it is advisable to pour over the resulting list, crossing out any useless information in the process. Another critical move revolves around the 5Ws, where the author fills out the ‘who, what, where, when and why’ formula. The tactic creates an all-rounded essay, recognizing the elements involved, issues to tackle as well as the setting. It is also useful to highlight the helpfulness of the information, demonstrating how it applies to the real-world context. Title → Thesis Statement → Body Paragraphs All authors should strive to maintain clarity in their essays, which begins with taking advantage of clear titles. Ambiguous titles distract the intended audience since they provide multiple points for interpretation. Precision in titling is made possible by adding modifiers, which give a higher level of specificity in the process. For instance, when analyzing the safety records, titles such as ‘America’s Aviation Industry is the Safest’ do not hit the nail on the head. It could be modified to be ‘America’s Aviation industry is a world leader in safety protocols’. The thesis statement should also incorporate the essay’s strongest points, adding an element of specificity in the process. Appropriate thesis statements should be placed at the tail end of the introductory paragraphs, ensuring that the audience clearly distinguishes it from the rest of the sentences. The best thesis sentences adopt the SMART goals, which is an acronym for specific, measurable, accurate, reliable as well as timely. Specific implies that the thesis should avoid vague statements by mentioning the subject matter in question. Measurability implies the scale or extent of the problem, allowing the audience a hint of what to expect along the essay. Accuracy is maintained by using the most appropriate terminologies for the industry while timeliness provides a periodic perspective. Such statements imply that a thesis explaining the aviation safety record includes the duration of the analysis in the long-run. For instance, when discussing the aviation protocols, it is important to consider a thesis that resonates with FAA’s regulation and the code of conduct. It means the stamen will reflect the aviation professionals; adherence to FAA and NTSB regulations within America. Such scenes are different when considering aviation experts from other regions that have localized codes of conduct that vary both in language and terminologies. For instance, a Chinese or Russian aviation professional would find it difficult to understand the American concepts due to language barriers. The body paragraphs should also follow a steady rhythm, where each free-standing paragraph concentrates on a unique issue. Separating each argument with paragraphs will help the reader discern the learning points as well as conclusively follow through the argument. It is important to note that each body paragraph should include a topic sentence, which normally the first sentence is elaborating the points to follow. Proper organization of an essay is also made easier through outlines, which involve grouping related ideas from the prewriting process. The author should take care to isolate major and minor arguments while defining them in the course of finding a logical progression of points. The outline includes the major headings and subheadings of the document while taking advantage of single word terms or short phrases. Full sentences also work well in the outlining process, helping with the formation of the topical sentences. The Polishing Stage: Top Tips from Our Writers The editing process involves gauging the word choice used in the essay. Using the appropriate aviation terminology works well to distinguish the audience from nursing essays. It is also important to delete inappropriate terms that have become obsolete. Words such as ‘anyway’, ‘arguably’, ‘majorly’ as well as ‘hopefully’ should be avoided at all costs. Proofreading is also made easier by taking a long break. It is also important to consider the narrative version, where most essays embrace the third person narrative. Ultimately, authors should look out for active and passive voices, where the active voice works well in maintaining the clarity of the action.

Free Essays on How Martin Luther King Was Influenced By Plato

, the law is right but done in the wrong way. For instances Martin Luther King was arrested for parading with out a permit. Martin Luther King talks so much about unjust and just laws in Letter from Birmingham Jail, it i... Free Essays on How Martin Luther King Was Influenced By Plato Free Essays on How Martin Luther King Was Influenced By Plato Finding something or someone that influences you is hard. But in Martin Luther King case, it seemed a breeze. Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was influenced by Plato’s â€Å"The Myth of the Cave† in so many ways. Plato talks about living in an underground den, chained against the walls, couldn’t do anything about it. Some being there since childhood. Letter From Birmingham Jail basically the same aspect, it talks about being arrested and thrown in jail for something they believed in, especially Dr. Martin Luther King. He was arrested for believing in non-segregation, freedom of speech, and blacks/whites having the same rights. Like Plato, Martin Luther King talks about using your knowledge as good or evil. But in King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail, people were using what they knew in an evil way. They thought since they had more rights, they could do what ever they wanted, to whom ever they wanted to. Dr. King was fighting for that, he thought there were creative injustice laws. He states in Letter from Birmingham Jail that: â€Å"There are just and unjust laws, a unjust law is a code that a majority inflicts on a minority that is not binding on itself. This is difference made legal, but a just law is a code that a majority compels on a minority to follow that is willingto follow itself. This is sameness made legal.†(Pg. 113) Dr. King goes on give more examples of just and unjust laws. When he states that â€Å"unjust is a code inflicted upon minority which the minority had no part in enacting or creating because they did not have the right to vote†(pg. 113). There are some instances when a law is just on it’s face, but unjust in it’s application; in other words, the law is right but done in the wrong way. For instances Martin Luther King was arrested for parading with out a permit. Martin Luther King talks so much about unjust and just laws in Letter from Birmingham Jail, it i...

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 2

Marketing Plan - Essay Example Russell has a bachelor’s degree in marketing and has worked previously in the retail clothing sector, while Newman has also operated an adventure enterprise that used to arrange group trips to different locations across the US. However, both of them sold their respective companies to start Athletics Supreme. The owners’ previous experiences have made them confident that they can market a line of sportswear and related sports accessories that appeal to outdoor enthusiasts. This marketing plan hopes to create a long-term growth model that will build on the current success enjoyed by Athletics Supreme’s athletics equipment. The company has been successful in selling athletics equipment and we hope to transition smoothly into sportswear. Athletics Supreme intends to provide its current and potential customers with quality sportswear products that they require to accomplish their physical goals and maximize their athletics performance. The company will also provide its customers with staff who are knowledgeable about athletics and sportswear. The core products that the business will carry include apparel, shoes, and athletic equipment, as well as other complementary equipment like training literature and health supplements. Conducting market research normally involves gathering primary and secondary data, in which primary information is collected directly from consumers and potential consumers, while secondary information involves the gathering of data, statistics, studies, and reports from external sources (Burns et al, 2014). Athletics Supreme will conduct primary market research using in-store comment cards, whereas secondary research will be conducted via the local chamber of commerce. In-store comment cards should enable the company to collect information directly from the consumer on such issues as their satisfaction with the business offering, how to improve service and offerings that they may want to see in the future.

First Constitutional Amendment and Protection of Freedom Research Paper

First Constitutional Amendment and Protection of Freedom - Research Paper Example It furnishes the right of vocalization liberally; showing their apprehension about the government scheme to the residents/press of United States. The objective of this analysis is to understand the first amendment to the constitution and freedom of speech. First rectification in the Bill of Rights satisfies the fundamental legitimate right, i.e. autonomy of speech. It grants us the authority to express our opinions concerning the government scheme, state condition, and industrial conditions. However, it can be limited during wartime or any other condition; for example, if autonomy of oration grows into a cause of a vilification, obscenity, violation of law and order requirements, etc. it could be limited. First section of the first amendment forbids the Congress to bestow any supremacy or preference assuming one religion over other. It has patently bordered Congress to admire everybody despite everything of religion or non-religion. Nonetheless, this was only enforced on federal auth orities but later, under the internalization conviction, picked out sustenance was wielded to the states.

Unit 4 DB Introduction to American Court System Essay

Unit 4 DB Introduction to American Court System - Essay Example This decision is based on the irrefutable availability of sufficient evidence for legal documents necessary for commencing prosecution. Further discretion at this stage relates to the decision to offer legal agreement to the charged suspect on the basis that he or she confesses their guilt and opt not to stand trial. At the trial stage the prosecutor’s role pertains to disclosing all evidence to the defense council pertaining to the suspect’s case. Moreover, at the serving and sentencing stage the law enforcement officer is charged with the discretion of acting of as parole officers of sentenced criminals that have been selected for possible freedom based on their character (Mellili, 1992). The judge exercises discretion at the trial stage by leading the court proceedings against the charged suspect. At the sentencing stage, the judge exercises his or her discretion after the defendant is found guilty after a plea of guilt or judgment by the jury. Consequently, the judge dispenses the sentencing laws cognizant with the crime charged. Furthermore, the judge exercises discretion at the appeal stage. At the instigation by the defense counsel of the sentenced defendant, an appeal may be issued and reviewed a judge in the appellate court (Mellili, 1992). Furthermore, a different judge will lead the proceedings of a new trial based on the review and approval of an appellate court. Some of the guidelines that are in force to limit the discretion powers of enforcement officers include the limit on excessive force while making arrest. This is in light of the possibility of the officers to use police brutality on unarmed and powerless suspects such as racial minorities (U.S Department of Justice, 2012). . On the part of the judges, guidelines that could be used in limiting their discretion pertain to issues of sentencing. These include sentencing structures that limit and regulate the punishment

Aircraft maintenance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aircraft maintenance - Essay Example Aircraft Maintenance Technicians (AMT's) perform or supervise maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration of aircraft and aircraft systems in accordance with the provisions of Federal Aviation Regulations. As the aviation technology made it progress, it was necessary to bring in the maintenance of all the aircraft for it's prolong and safety use. From the time it started, aircraft maintenance has gone through series of changes. From basic to improvised and now the high-tech maintenance. As gradually the aircraft problem raised, maintenance also matured. The following context will discuss very briefly the journey of maintenance to the latest maintenance technology. Further paragraph will discuss how it has cooped with the latest technology and then the future of the aircraft maintenance. How to effectively improve the quality of the aircraft outfield maintenance management is a problem any management personnel seeking high profits in both developed and developing countries must be faced with, no matter what aircraft they maintain, military aircraft or civilian aircraft. Some of the several technologies used for aircraft maintenance are: The use of neural networks (NNs) to enhance onboard diagnostics and provide real-time damage detection for aircraft reconfiguration has been investigated. This research focus was a result of investigating new technologies to improve mission success and reduce life cycle/support cost resulting from a high percentage of cannot duplicate' and retest O.K.' maintenance actions occurring on some aircraft systems. Laboratory testing results have shown that future onboard diagnostics systems can use NNs to detect intermittent failure and false failure indications. The test instance featured an Ada-based NN running in an advanced vehicle management system computer (VMSC). Built In Test Equipment: The BITE is characterized primarily as a passive fault management and diagnosis built into airborne systems to support the maintenance process. Another technology use for aircraft maintenance, it functionality are Analysis of failure monitoring results, Reporting & Memorisation of failures, Management of tests. Central Maintenance Computer: The Central Maintenance Computer (CMC) for the 747-400 cockpit serves as a central collection hub for inter-system fault data sharing among aircraft monitoring systems, collecting and storing information on failed components and initiating component and system tests. Reliability Centered Management: RCM process described in the DOD/UAL report recognized three principal risks from equipment failures: threats to safety, to operations, and to the maintenance budget. Modern RCM gives threats to the environment a separate classification, though most forms manage them in the same way as threats to safety. RCM offers four principal options among the risk management strategies: on-condition maintenance tasks, scheduled restoration or discard maintenance tasks, failure-finding maintenance tasks, and one-time changes to the "system" (changes to hardware design, to operations, or to other things). After being created by the commercial aviation industry, RCM was adopted by the U.S. military (beginning in

The World Bank of the Unheard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The World Bank of the Unheard - Essay Example Based in Washington D.C., it is comprised of developed and developing countries. All have a say, though an unequal one. Though first created to assist the Western European countries after the World War II, WB has become involved in a wide array of development projects. Despite the criticism and relatively powerless voices of the poor countries, WB will continue to service the poorest of this planet. WB architects envisioned a system that would benefit the poor. John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and others at Bretton Woods in 1944 designed this institution to fully include the Western world into its functioning. They envisioned that the Western countries would be full members and partners in helping the developing countries. WB was not conceived as a development agency (Birdsall 51). However, WB became a global credit club, where developing countries rely on contributions from the wealthy (Birdsall 51). Later, another club for the rich was created: the International Development Association (IDA), where only rich countries can contribute and become members (Birdsall 51). WB was intended for the â€Å"war -ravaged countries of Europe—and the poorer countries of Latin America, and Africa† (Birdsall 51). ... Still, they wanted to avoid a system in which there would be a one-to-one relationship between financial capacity and influence in WB. As a result, the architects introduced basic votes. They were distributed equally to all WB members. Each member has 250 votes irrespective of shares. Additional shares are won through the amount of shares owned in WB (Birdsall 53). Double majority voting is required to get anything changed in the Articles of Agreement (Birdsall 53). The country taking the largest risk, which was the US at the time of the WB inception, was given the right to â€Å"define the key boundaries within which the club would operate† (Birdsall 53). The US also had a duty to ensure all WB members had a say, regardless of their political and economic influence. In the beginning, there were only a few debtors. In the 1947–48 period, WB made loans to only six countries. These were France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Luxembourg, Chile, and India (Birdsall 54). Now, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the IDA alone have around 150 countries as their debtors (Birdsall 54). However, WB benefits the rich. WB capital comes from its wealthy contributors. Largest contributors are the U.S. government, and the United States, Japan, and Germany (Birdsall 51). They are also its guarantors. They back all of the borrowing from WB, regardless of the outcome of the loan (Birdsall 51). WB has had a history of very low default rate, implying that with low levels of the deposits, it can â€Å"can borrow outside at good rates and lend at good rates to its less wealthy members† (Birdsall 51). The type of a global credit agency envisioned by its architects never happened. Instead, the developed countries

Aircraft maintenance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aircraft maintenance - Essay Example Aircraft Maintenance Technicians (AMT's) perform or supervise maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration of aircraft and aircraft systems in accordance with the provisions of Federal Aviation Regulations. As the aviation technology made it progress, it was necessary to bring in the maintenance of all the aircraft for it's prolong and safety use. From the time it started, aircraft maintenance has gone through series of changes. From basic to improvised and now the high-tech maintenance. As gradually the aircraft problem raised, maintenance also matured. The following context will discuss very briefly the journey of maintenance to the latest maintenance technology. Further paragraph will discuss how it has cooped with the latest technology and then the future of the aircraft maintenance. How to effectively improve the quality of the aircraft outfield maintenance management is a problem any management personnel seeking high profits in both developed and developing countries must be faced with, no matter what aircraft they maintain, military aircraft or civilian aircraft. Some of the several technologies used for aircraft maintenance are: The use of neural networks (NNs) to enhance onboard diagnostics and provide real-time damage detection for aircraft reconfiguration has been investigated. This research focus was a result of investigating new technologies to improve mission success and reduce life cycle/support cost resulting from a high percentage of cannot duplicate' and retest O.K.' maintenance actions occurring on some aircraft systems. Laboratory testing results have shown that future onboard diagnostics systems can use NNs to detect intermittent failure and false failure indications. The test instance featured an Ada-based NN running in an advanced vehicle management system computer (VMSC). Built In Test Equipment: The BITE is characterized primarily as a passive fault management and diagnosis built into airborne systems to support the maintenance process. Another technology use for aircraft maintenance, it functionality are Analysis of failure monitoring results, Reporting & Memorisation of failures, Management of tests. Central Maintenance Computer: The Central Maintenance Computer (CMC) for the 747-400 cockpit serves as a central collection hub for inter-system fault data sharing among aircraft monitoring systems, collecting and storing information on failed components and initiating component and system tests. Reliability Centered Management: RCM process described in the DOD/UAL report recognized three principal risks from equipment failures: threats to safety, to operations, and to the maintenance budget. Modern RCM gives threats to the environment a separate classification, though most forms manage them in the same way as threats to safety. RCM offers four principal options among the risk management strategies: on-condition maintenance tasks, scheduled restoration or discard maintenance tasks, failure-finding maintenance tasks, and one-time changes to the "system" (changes to hardware design, to operations, or to other things). After being created by the commercial aviation industry, RCM was adopted by the U.S. military (beginning in

Coca-Cola financial statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coca-Cola financial statements - Essay Example Coca-Cola’s largest assets are property, plant and equipment that amount to a net worth of 9,052 million dollars based on the December 2014 yearly financial reports (The Coca-Cola Company, 2015). Their second largest asset is goodwill that amounted to 12,100million dollars as at December 2014. Their total asset worth is 92,023 million dollars. Based on the 2014 financial reports, the company’s total liabilities amount to 32,374 million dollars while their total equity amounts to 30561 million dollars (The Coca-Cola Company, 2015). At the end of the year, the company’s’ cash and its equivalents amounted to 8,958 million dollars. The company’s largest expenses were on purchase of investments and payments of debts. Purchase of investments amounted to 17800 million dollars while payment of debts amounted to 36,962 million dollars. Despite having many debts and incurring a lot of money on investments, Coca-Cola realized a gross profit of 28,109,000 dolla rs. How the financial statements are linked The income statement described how assets and liabilities were used during the year. The cash flow statement explained how the company got cash and how they spend it, and it gave a figure on the company’s cash at hand Example 1: The net income calculated in the income statement ($7,098,000) is used as the first item in the cash flow statements ($7,098,000) (NASDAQ, 2015). Example 2: The retained earnings of the company amounted to 63,408,000 dollars.

The human resources of a business Essay Example for Free

The human resources of a business Essay The human resources of a business must be run correctly for the business to be able to achieve its objectives. There are fair main areas of human resources management: planning, recruitment and selection training and development and performance management. To understand how these areas work and the role they hold within the business structure I have decided to research into the human resources within J.D Wetherspoon. I am going to look into their recruitment and selection section in detail. J.D Wetherspoon is a chain of public houses. The first one opened in 1979 by a 24 year old law student called Tim Martin. He opened his first pub in north London, which he named Wetherspoons, after he of his former school teacher. Tim wanted to run his pub differently from regular pubs, he offered a good range of beers, a music free environment, non- smoking area and all day food. According to Tim the pub was run very badly, in spite of his hard work. Although he was struggling he want to expand so in 1980 he obtained planning permission and a pub licence to convert a car showroom into a pub. From here on his success grew. He made his first in 1983 of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½188,000! In 1996 Wetherspoons launched its first pub in Scotland. The Scots didnt enjoy Wetherspoons as they hated the lack of music and poor choice of beers and ales. Tim was aware of the change in tastes around the country so quickly changed so it would satisfy the Scots requirements. In 1998 Wetherspoon decided to open their first hotel in Shrewsbury. Two more have opened since then. By 2001 there were 500 Wetherspoons pubs around the UK, and 100 more opened in 2002. They have now announced plans to open another hundred pubs including pubs in Bath, Burnham, and Solihull; this would create 3,000 more jobs. J.D Wetherspoons has 11,200 either full or part-time employees, of which 220 are at the head office in Watford. Human Resources Management In recent years we have seen a transformation in the way companies started dealing with the people who were their employees. Instead of seeking to get the best out of people just for the sake of the business, e.g. to help the company achieve its objectives. The human resources method is a radical change; they are able to achieve the companys objectives by supporting each employee to for fill their own personal needs. A second change in people management was in the 1990s when management began to release that it should not just be the personnel department of a business that deals with people work. Instead managers should be those that are responsible for recruitment, appraisal, selection and training of employees. A third change in people management was that HRM was given a great deal more status in the organisation. Instead of being something carried on at lower levels of the organisation, HRM is now recognised as a key strategic area of the organisation. Many organisations have moved away from personnel management t the new human resources management. Human resource planning Human resources involve recruiting the right people who then met the goals set by the company. In order for these goals to be met successfully, this process should be run productively, insuring the right people for the job are hired and their skills are used correctly. Any problem would need to be identified and solved quickly and accurately. The way this works can be shown though supply and demand. The demand side The demand for labour will depend on plan on plans of the organisation for the future. J.D Wetherspoon is an organisation that continues to grow rapidly, planning to open another hundred public houses around the UK bringing them to a total of 700. When plans such as this are to take place, it is needed to recruit a great many more employees. A demand forecast needs to be made. One way to do this with the use of work studies. Work-study knows how long various jobs take and can calculate the number of employees needed and the hours they will need to work. This technique is used mainly within manufacturing companies who will need to produce a set amount of products in a given amount of time. J.D Wetherspoons would use a different techniques; management estimates. This involves looking at past employment records and estimating how many staff would be needed in future plans. The amount of staff would depend on many factors: * Size of the establishment * Amount of customers expected * Location * Number of hours worked The forecast would also need to include how many people would need to be employed at each stage of the hierarchy. Current employees through promotions or placements would fill the majority of managerial jobs. J.D Wetherspoons has estimated that their 100 pubs would create an extra 3,000 jobs. The supply side The supply of employees can come from two different places: with the business, internally or externally. Taking employees from internal sources has befits, employees already know and understand how the business runs and operates and where it is heading. There is usually development needed in the employee, so it is important that the right person is chosen to keep costs down. All the pubs within J.D Wetherspoons chain are run in the same way. This means that a member of staff has been trained they would have the right skills to work in any Wetherspoons. Or if for any reason they needed to be transferred from one pub to another, no extra training would be needed. Bar and kitchen staff in J.D Wetherspoons need to hold certain skills e.g. politeness and respect. Thoughs sort of skills are expected of staff through-out the Wetherspoons chain, man skills such as these are seen as part of a persons personality in a sense. Most of the people who work within J.D Wetherspoons are temporary, part-time employees. Students often work in such pubs to earn some extra cash; they dont see it as a career and they are unlikely to work there for long. The type of skills that they have gained while working at Wetherspoons would make them an internal asset but also an external asset to other, rival establishments. It is important for all organisations to understand why an individual wants to work for them. This way they can be trained to the appropriate level and the business can plan ahead. All employers need to know; how many people work for them at each level, how long they plan to stay in the job, their aspirations for the job and their age. This way there can always be employees who have worked there for a while and understand how the business works. If there were too many older people in employment they would all reach retirement at the same time, leaving big gaps in the structure. Younger people tend to only have jobs as a way to gain money whilst studying. Because younger people dont stay in a job for long they damage the amount of promotions that can occur. J.D Wetherspoon has to get their staff turnover right, if too many people are leaving it will cost the company more in recruiting and training. These costs are unnecessary and can be avoided if the right people are employed to star t of with. There are two ways to measure labour turn over: Employee wastage rate It is possible to calculate the number of staff leaving a business as a percentage of those who could have left. To find the wastage rate the number of staff leaving in a time period is divided by the average number of staff employed in time period and that is then multiplied by 100 to equal a percentage. This simple equation shows this: Wastage rate = number of staff leaving in a time period x 100 Average number of staff employed in time period For example, if Wetherspoons employed 100 people but found that 25 left during the year the wastage rate would be: 25 x 100 = 25% 100 This would then help them to predict future wastage rates. They are planning to recruit 3,000 people in the next year and would expect a waste rate of 25% according to this example, meaning that 750 people would leave. This is a large figure so HMR would have to look into of they are employing the right people as recruiting more people is wasting time and money. Labour stability rate This looks at those who have left after working there for some time. The stability rate is measured by dividing the amount of people who have left with more than one years service by the number employed one year ago. Then multiplying this by 100 to make a percentage. Stability index = number of staff leaving with more than one years service x 100 Number employed one year ago This method helps businesses to understand and predict what will happen within their own workforce. It also enables an organisation to make the most of the skill and potential already present within the organisation. For example if Wetherspoons had 88 employees who had been with the company for over one year and during the year 22 employees left, the labour stability index would be: 22 x100 = 25% 88 The external labour market The external labour market is more of an irregular environment. It is made up of potential employees, locally, regionally or nationally; whom have the skills and experience required at a particular time. J.D Wetherspoons is located all over the UK, both national and local labour markets are important. There are a range of factors that effect the size and nature of these labour markets such as: Trends in the size/characteristics of the working population The UK has an ageing population. There are fewer school leavers and young workers available for employment. Businesses therefore may need to employee older people to meet their human resource requirements. Competition for labour When there is a demand for employees with certain skills, companies will be at competition with other firms who are looking for the same skills. For example ten years ago everyone wanted to employee those with I.T skills. The overall level economic activity The demand for goods and services in the economy and hence, for employed is determined by whether the economy is at a boom or recession. In a period of boom generally people will have more money to spend and therefore the demand for goods and services will rise. This therefore would lead to company increasing output and the demand for labour will also increase. Education and training opportunities Over recent years many people have decided to either continue into higher education or return to it. This has put a strain on many businesses as it has limited the amount of people that are available to work full time for tem. For J.D Wetherspoons it can be viewed as an advantage. There are more people willing to work part-time in an easy, uncomplicated environment that allows flexible hours. Plus there are also more people who have completed degrees and gained higher qualifications allowing them to enter the hierarchy at a managerial level, this would cut down on costs of training managers. The effect of government policies The government tries to entice employers to train people by reducing the cost of labour and increasing the proposal of HRM. They have introduced new qualifications, NVQs and AVCEs as an attempt of increasing the quantity of those who hold the right skills for the real world. They have also planned ahead in preparing school children for the world of work by changing the curriculum, stressing an importance on numeracy, literacy and ICT. On this graph the S1 represents the current labour supply situation, in a few years when al of those in education have left the supply of labour will be greater, represented by S2. As the supply is greater the demand (D) will be less and employers will be able to lower salaries, reducing costs. Salaries have to be monitored to check people are being fairly treated. The government may decide to increase the minimum wage. If the minimum amount a person can earn increases the supply will decrease, as many employees. The green line shows this and how the demand for labour would rise. Wage Level S1 S2 D Quantity of Labour Labour markets For all businesses they must also identify and understand the characteristics of their local employment market. Information can be gained from local employment offices or job agencies. I found these examples on the Internet. This first one is average gross weekly pay, by area this is useful to Wetherspoons as it gives them actual government statistics of how much the average wage is in certain areas. It splits it into different areas because the pay is obviously not the same throughout the country. For example London has the highest paid people mainly because it is so expensive to live in London. This graph doesnt look at London, as it is only pacific for the Southwest region. For Wetherspoons to look at this before setting a wage is useful as it will set out an average wage so they dont set theirs far too high or far too low. This would attract either too many people to apply for a certain job or no one would apply. Under the average gross weekly pay by area, is the average gross weekly pay by occupation. This is also very useful as Wetherspoons can look at this and cross-reference it with the pay by area to see how much they should be paying their employees. As you can see the information from this could come in very useful to a business such as Wetherspoons when having to recruit new employees. As they would need to know the wage rates and income level of the area in which their pub or hotel is located, this will then allow them to set the right salary and attract the type of people they want. By observing local unemployment levels companies are able to judge whether it would easy or not to employ enough people in new businesses. This is something J.D Whetherspoons would have to consider when planning the new pubs they want to open. Local employment trends can radically change in a short space of time. Large companies may be forced to close or make large numbers of employees redundant, creating huge unemployment figures, a benefit to many others. I was able to gather some secondary information from labour market review, which covered the whole of the UK but also highlighted the Southwest area. This means that if Wetherspoons was to use this information to see how employment patterns and average wages were different throughout the country. This data can greatly the recruitment process. Within all local areas there will be times when a new skill is needed in the workplace and the demand for these skills will rapidly grow, faster than the supply. This can produce many problems and companies would be forced to raise wages in an attempt to beat competitors in recruiting those that have the same scarce skill. When shortages like this appear employers often start to recruit those from further a field, nationally and sometimes internationally. Without this valuable data the J.D Wetherspoons chain could find themselves falling behind the rest of the market. This data can be used to identify if their business is operating at the same level as the rest of the country. If this is not taken into account then they could find themselves loosing employees through poor wages or even not looking for the right employees in the right areas. For HRM to be efficient a business must have the right amount of employees performing the right jobs at the right time. Therefore it is important that employers and the HRM team know if an employee is not at work and their reason why. A notified absence is when the employee knows in advance that they will not be able to attend work and inform their superior. If the employer were ill they would be entitled to any sickness benefit a doctors note would be requested. Unauthorised absence are those that need to be monitored closely. When an employee simply doesnt show for their shift it lets the team down and can leave others in the lurch, plus the business would be less able to run efficiently. An accident rate is determined by the amount of accidents that have happened in the work place. All businesses have to have the equivalent of a health and safety committee. It is their job to * Investigate and report on all accidents * Construct safety rules * Oversee health and safety training * Uphold connections with health and safety bodies * Keep up to date with the relevant national statistics and reports * Recommend any updates the company may need * Advise on any approaching legislation and relevant publicity campaigns Human resources planning help to maintain a steady flow of new people into the organisation to cover any that maybe leaving. Planning also helps to organise training programmes so each member of staff has the right skills to for fill their specific job requirements. The level of skills in any organisation should rise each year effectively making the business as a whole consistently develops.

Brainstorming Six Thinking Hats Communications Essay

Brainstorming Six Thinking Hats Communications Essay Brainstorming is one of the best-known techniques for producing fresh ideas and approaching problems from innovative new angles. Brainstorming sessions are best done in small groups; participants are asked to leave their inner critic at the door and come up with the zaniest ideas possible. This challenge is based on a tool created by famous ‘lateral thinker Edward de Bono to improve decision making skills. The Six Thinking Hats technique is particularly useful for group brainstorming as it emphasises ‘what if? thinking rather than ‘what is assumptions. People or groups often tend to follow certain fixed ways of thinking. This technique involves looking at a problem or issue from a number of different perspectives, each represented by a different coloured hat, and giving each one equal weighting in a discussion. White hat (= objective) When you wear this hat, you focus on available information to see what you can learn from it. You try to fill any gaps in your knowledge. This is where you analyse past trends and extrapolate from historical data. Red hat (= emotions, feelings) When you wear the red hat you use intuition, gut reaction and emotion to respond to an issue or idea. You also try to think how other people will react emotionally to the issue, and try to understand their intuitive responses. Black hat (= negatives, points of caution) When you wear the black hat you are the pessimist. You are cautious and critical and try to find reasons that things will not work. Its a useful perspective, since it highlights any weak points in a plan and enables you to either eliminate them, or prepare measures to counter problems should they arise. Black hat thinking makes plans more resilient. Yellow hat (= positive focus) The yellow hat is the positive thinking hat. When you wear this hat you seek harmony; its optimistic viewpoint enables you to see the value, benefits and further opportunities in a plan. Yellow hat thinking helps you keep going when everything looks gloomy and difficult. Green hat (= generates new ideas or concepts) The green hat stands for creativity. Its mood is provocative, experimental, and explorative. Wear it to playfully spin ideas free of any judgement or criticism. Blue hat (= defines focus, control of thinking) The blue hat stands for process control. It sees the big picture. Wear this hat to chair a meeting, or to bring any of the other processes /thinking approaches [?] to order. During a typical Six Hats session you will flip between different hat ‘modes: when ideas are slow in coming youll try green hat thinking; when the mood gets too pessimistic, switch to yellow hat thinking; when contingency planning is needed, put on your black hat, and so on. 3 How to Play 3.a Game Instructions The six animals on the right-hand riverbank are desperately looking for their thinking caps, which the wind has cheekily deposited on the left bank. Send the hats back to their respective owners by following the 6 ways of thinking, one at a time, all the way through from the left to the right. To start, you will be presented with a challenge question. To accept, click on one of the hats. You will then be presented with 3 phrases pertaining to the challenge. Choose the one that best represents the hat you chose. If you choose correctly, 3 more phrases will appear. Continue clicking on the most appropriate phrase until the hat reaches its owner, then click on another hat and repeat the process until you have sent all the hats back to their owners. 3.b Game Rules Once you have clicked on a phrase, there is no turning back. Points will either be deducted for a wrong answer or added for a correct answer. The game is over when all the hats reach their owners; your end score will be tallied up and expressed as a percentage. 3.c Game tips Think before you click! Familiarise yourself with the six different ways of thinking before you start. You might want to read through the introduction text a few times until you are sure of your colour qualities.* see note at end I agree with note (also see my comment up-front), so we have to resolve how to best deal with this The tips at the end of the game will also give you some pointers on how best to brainstorm. 4 Start Screen text Choose one of the hats to start the game. Remember, you have to stick to one way of thinking until you reach the opposite riverbank. 5 Challenge Q: How can we best ensure that group brainstorming sessions are effective? 5.1 White hat 5.1.1 White Group 1 5.1.1.1 Naturally one should start at the beginning, by defining a clear purpose and goal for the session. 5.1.1. 2 Do you have to be so pedantic? Thoughts should just flow freely! 5.1.1.3 Hat 2, be careful not to patronise! As a starting point Hat 1 is right chances of success are greater if the goal is clearly defined. Thereafter we can go wild. 5.1.2 White Group 2 5.1.2.1 Do you guys mind if I make an urgent call? Im planning a surprise party for my best friend and the caterers have a crisis. 5.1.2.2 Interruptions break the flow of brainstorming sessions. 5.1.2.3 Im sure your crisis will work itself out while we work together to find a best practice recipe for brainstorming! 5.1.3 White Group 3 5.1.3.1 Research shows that people talk more freely when theyve had an alcoholic beverage. 5.1.3.2 Now thats an idea! Looking around the room, I can see that we all need to unwind a bit. 5.1.3.3 Fair enough, we can take a five-minute comfort break. 5.1.4 White Group 4 5.1.4.1 I know! Lets play a game to wake up our tired old brains? 5.1.4.2 Crazy as that sounds, it is not a bad idea! I am making a note of it. 5.1.4.3 This has proved to be a successful technique in the past. 5.1.5 White Group 5 5.1.5.1 What about the participants? Any guidelines as to who should be in the session? 5.1.5.2 The group should be varied different people with different skills will bring more variety to the table. 5.1.5.3 Everyone should respect each others opinions. 5.2 Red hat 5.2.1 Red Group 1 5.2.1.1 I doubt well find a workable solution to this problem. 5.2.1.2 Dont be so pessimistic! If we put our heads together, we can come up with hundreds of ideas! 5.2.1.3 I feel like you are putting a damper on everyones mood. 5.2.2 Red Group 2 5.2.2.1 My gut tells me when Im generating a good creative idea. 5.2.2 2 Well, I try to always see the silver lining. 5.2.2.3 Point noted. Who else wants to share a thought? 5.2.3 Red Group 3 5.2.3.1 Heres a thought: how about having the session in a hot air balloon so we can see it from a different perspective? 5.2.3.2 Nobody has time for that! 5.2.3.3 Some people might be a bit nervous up there, but I love the idea! It is so bold! 5.2.4 Red Group 4 5.2.4.1 Here are some pens and paper. We are going to do a mind mapping exercise to enrich the session. 5.2.4.2 Oh goodie! This reminds me of my primary school days! All children are unselfconsciously creative. 5.2.4.3 Do we have to do this? Seems a bit childish. 5.2.5 Red Group 5 5.2.5.1 This is so much fun! And therapeutic too! 5.2.5.2 I agree, we should do this more often. Look at all the ideas weve generated in just 5 minutes! 5.2.5.3 Well done everybody! You have all come up with some great ideas. 5.3 Black hat 5.3.1 Black Group 1 5.3.1.1 Group brainstorming sessions are successful when the facilitator encourages outrageous thinking. 5.3.1.2 I dont agree. Some ideas are too crazy to even consider. What is the point if you cannot implement it? 5.3.1.3 Although Hat 2 has a point, we can focus on practicalities later. For now, letÊÂ ¼s go with Hat 1ÊÂ ¼s suggestion. 5.3.2 Black Group 2 5.3.2.1 People need to feel that their opinions count. There should be lots of encouragement and praise! 5.3.2.2 Also, dont forget what lessons were learnt from past brainstorming sessions. 5.3.2.3 People will never talk freely and openly if the facilitator is high up in the corporate hierarchy. Theyll just feel intimidated. 5.3.3 Black Group 3 5.3.3.1 We are bound to get some good ideas if we get hundreds of people together to brainstorm! 5.3.3.2 Good luck selling that idea resources are stretched thin enough as it is. 5.3.3 3 Hang on a second Hat 2, Hat 1 leads us to a very important point bringing together a wide range of different people will generate a wide range of ideas. 5.3.4 Black Group 4 5.3.4.1 The problem with group brainstorming sessions is that the subject is usually too vaguely phrased. 5.3.4.2 Indeed, Hat 1 makes a good point. Looking back on our past sessions, that was the main reason for a lack of workable ideas. 5.3.4.3 Luckily this was not the case today, so letÊÂ ¼s take note of that and turn our focus to the best environment to have group brainstorming sessions in. Anyone? 5.3.5 Black Group 5 5.3.5.1 Food and drink always makes me feel more relaxed and open. We should be as comfortable as possible and take many breaks. 5.3.5.2 In a pool! Or at a sporting event. Or how about hiring a taxi and going on a group brainstorming road trip?! 5.3.5.3 The main problem is the interruptions. It is so frustrating! Just switch off your cellphone! Ask not to be interrupted. Why cant we get this right? 5.4 Yellow hat 5.4.1 Yellow Group 1 5.4.1.1 Who wants to volunteer an idea? 5.4.1.2 My gut says if we could somehow get people in a good mood, the ideas will flow. 5.4.1.3 Happy people are more creative and more productive, so your statement makes perfect logical sense. 5.4.2 Yellow Group 2 5.4.2.1 Ive got plenty of ideas on how we can do that! Like, why not play soothing music in the background to put everybody in a kind of meditative state. 5.4.2.2 What a lovely idea! Just as long as we make sure everybody agrees on what music will be played. 5.4.2.3 Are you kidding me? It is the dumbest idea I have heard in my life! 5.4.3 Yellow Group 3 5.4.3.1Dont be so quick to judge. People love to work together for a common cause. 5.4.3.2 Improving your analysing and strategic thinking helps your bottom line and were all striving towards that goal. 5.4.3.3 Good point! Let take some time to think about how successful brainstorming can affect our bottom line. 5.4.4 Yellow Group 4 5.4.4.1 It cant. Ideas generated in brainstorming sessions are just wishful thinking. 5.4.4.2 I beg to differ we have done it before and we can definitely do it again! 5.4.4.3 Indeed, last years brainstorming session resulted in the company producing an exciting new product. 5.4.5 Yellow Group 5 5.4.5.1 Heres another example: when legislation changed in an African country, we brainstormed options for expanding there today its one of our biggest markets. 5.4.5.2 Stories like that give me goosebumps! 5.4.5.3 That is valuable knowledge! We should compile a list of these success stories to get tips on why they were successful and to inspire similar thinking as we move forward. 5.5 Green hat 5.5.1 Green Group 1 5.5.1.1 If its okay with everybody, Id like to sing a song this topic reminds me of. Then we make up our own words as we go along. 5.5.1.2 Do you have any marbles left? This is a business meeting! 5.5.1.3 No, it is a great idea! As long as it is not a lullaby. Hat 1, you may proceed. 5.5.2 Green Group 2 5.5.2.1 Ill tell a joke instead so as not to offend anybody with my singing. How do you eat an elephant? 5.5.2.2 I know the answer to this one! 5.5.2.3 That is repulsive! Humans should not be allowed to eat elephants! 5.5.3 Green Group 3 5.5.3.1 If you were starving and it was the only thing left to eat except your own leg, would you change your mind? 5.5.3.2 Im sure it is just a metaphor. If the answer has bearing on this discussion, please share it with us. If not, we have to move on. 5.5.3.3 But it does! The answer is ‘bite by bite just like we are doing now ‘idea by idea. I brought sweets so the next good idea gets a treat! 5.5.4 Green Group 4 5.5.4.1 Or we can play that game where we start with one person saying a word, like ‘success, and everybody has to say one related word, and on to the next, faster and faster till we see where we end up! 5.5.4.2 No way! I dont see the value in a rambling session like that. We should just use our critical judgement to weed out the impossible ideas. 5.5.4.3 That game sounds like fun! We use criticism far too often as our default line of thinking. Lets expand our brains a bit. You can start, Ill write everything down if I can keep up! 5.5.5 Green Group 5 5.5.5.1 Brainstorming. 5.5.5.2 Clairvoyance. 5.5.5.3 Clarity. 5.6 Blue hat 5.6.1 Blue Group 1 5.6.1.1 Before we proceed, can we get a comfort break soon? 5.6.1.2 Yes. Lets have it now, so that we dont have to interrupt the flow of thinking once were on a roll. 5.6.1.3 We should actually record the session so that you dont have to worry about keeping notes. 5.6.2 Blue Group 2 5.6.2.1 That meeting we had this morning was so unproductive! 5.6.2.2 And boring! I was twiddling my thumbs for the first hour and a half! 5.6.2.3 Sounds like you guys have had a rough day. Lets brighten things up now by having some fun and solving this conundrum! 5.6.3 Blue Group 3 5.6.3.1 Can we hurry this up? Ive got a heap of admin waiting on my desk. 5.6.3.2 Sure, I would like us to all think about three emotional factors related to this topic. 5.6.3.3 Comfort, respect and encouragement. 5.6.4 Blue Group 4 5.6.4.1 That is a very important point! Encouragement will make people feel proud of themselves and therefore more willing to participate. 5.6.4 2 Listen, Im not lying just to make someone feel all warm and fuzzy inside. 5.6.4.3 We hear you Mr Cranky! You have my permission to keep quiet rather than faking praise. 5.6.5 Blue Group 5 5.6.5.1 Lets accommodate indulge Mr Cranky over here and explore the negative aspects which impact on brainstorming sessions. 5.6.5.2 Critical thinking? 5.6.5.3 Ha-ha, very funny. 6 Game end and Score 6.1 A perfect score!! 100% 6.2 Well done! Good score! 90%-100% 6.3 Not bad, but there is room for improvement. Try again. 70%-90% 6.4 Oops! You would do well to try and better your score. Below 70% 7. Tips for ensuring a successful brainstorming session 7.1 Choose an appropriate environment where you wont be disturbed. Somewhere outdoors or away from the office is best as it takes people out of their regular daily mode of thinking. 7.2 Have a mixed group of participants. Include participants from varied backgrounds or departments, rather than people who have similar backgrounds or specialties. It allows for a far wider range of creative ideas 7.3 Assign a facilitator to lead the group and take notes. The person should be enthusiastic and able to both encourage chaos and bring it to order when necessary. The facilitator does not usually contribute ideas, but rather directs the session. (If the facilitator works in the same company, make sure he/she is not of a much higher rank post grade than the participants, as this can make them reluctant to propose unorthodox ideas.) 7.4 Warm up the group. Start with a quick discussion on a ‘nonsense topic, like ‘think of five ways to improve a cow, if you had a magic wand what would you change, your favourite quotation. This gets thoughts flowing and sets the scene for a fun creative and dynamic session. 7.5 Now state your aim clearly. If you do not phrase your starting question correctly, you could end up with myriad ideas that do not actually solve the problem. Vague challenge statements encourage vague thinking, so make sure you clearly define the criteria of the issue to be brainstormed. 7.6 Write all ideas out in public view. Every participant should be able to see all the information all the time. A white board or flipchart is best for this. Once the ideas are up on the wall the whole group owns them and can add or expand on any one of them. 7.7 Encourage participation. Emphasise that the session is a non-judgmental environment you wont get great ideas if people are too scared to contribute, so no criticism allowed. 7.8 Make sure all ideas get equal weight. Stick to this rule no matter how silly or off-the-wall the ideas might appear. 7.9 Keep the discussion focused on the issue. A skilful facilitator will keep any one idea from taking up too much discussion time. 7.10 Set a time to reconvene. Once people have had a time to go away and ‘digest the session, call another meeting to sort through all the ideas and select the most appropriate ones. This can be done by group consensus or voting.

John Webbs Guide to the Work of Shakespeare :: Plays Literature William Shakespeare Essays

John Webb's Guide to the Work of Shakespeare This page gives a simple introduction to each of Shakespeare's plays, and points out a few of the ideas in each of them. All the plays are presented here, in approximate chronological order [the dates of the plays used on this page are from Bloom's Invention of the Human]. Shakespeare's first 4 plays (Henry VI, Parts 1, 2 and 3, and Richard III) tell the story of a troubled chapter of English history, around 150 years before Shakespreare's own time, known as The War of The Roses. One the most important figures in the action was the Earl of Warwick, whose home, Warwick Castle, is very near Stratford. The complicated historical background to these plays, and Shakespeare's other historical plays, is described on my page Historical Background. Henry VI, Parts 1, 2 and 3 1589-91 In Part 1, Henry VI becomes sovereign while still a child. His title is not secure because his grandfather had stolen the crown from Richard II. Part 2 shows the growing struggle and contention for the crown amongst Henry's nobles. Part 3 tells the story of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, the Kingmaker (shown right) who, first supporting the House of York opposed to Henry, deposes Henry. Richard Neville then changes sides, and briefly resores the crown to Henry, before Henry's murder in the Tower of London. Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade To shepherds looking on their sheep Than doth a rich embroidered canopy To kings that fear their subject's treachery Henry VI was a pious and studious man. He can be described as a contemplative philosopher-king. The plays contrast his spiritual philosophy, with the worldly, materialistic and ambitious nobles beneath him. The contempative philosopher-king reappears in Shakespeare's subsequent plays - as the exiled Dukes in As You Like It and Measure for Measure, as Timon of Athens, and as Prospero. Shakespeare subsequently wrote several further history plays, in all telling the whole story of English history for the 250 years up to his own time.

Henry Flemming Age Comparison :: essays research papers

Henry Flemming Age Comparison Henry Flemming underwent a major change as he became older. He became more courageous as an older man than he was as a youth. It may have been that he had not matured at the time of the war or that the war had changed him and made him more courageous. Regardless the reason, the older Henry Flemming was much more courageous than he was as a youth and there are a few situations in which he was able to prove that his courage had grown.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times Henry would sit around and tell his stories of war. When he was asked if he was ever scared, Henry would tell the people listening that in fact he did get scared during battles. In fact, he even told them that at his first battle, he was so frightened that he fled from it. Telling a group of people that you had a weakness and were so scared that you had to flee from the danger takes a lot of courage. When Henry was a youth at war, he was terrified that someone would find out that he had fled and he was terrified of what people would say if they found out that he had fled, but Henry developed the courage to be able to freely admit to it and even laugh about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then, when he was in bed one evening, he arose out of bed to find his drunken help blabbering that the barn was on fire. When Henry ran outside, he discovered that the drunken help’s lantern had caused the fire. Then, without thinking twice, Henry ran into the barn to rescue the animals. He rescued them even after he had been injured by one or more of them. When Henry was younger at war, he would always think twice or even more than twice before he went into battle, but the older Henry did not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Henry thought he had rescued all of the animals and that they were safe, the drunken help reminded him of the colts that he had left in the burning barn. Henry automatically decided that he had to get the colts out of the barn. The crowd of neighbors that had gathered told him that it was too dangerous and that it was just a suicide mission. Henry looked at the burning barn and, knowing that he was risking his life, he said that he had to at least attempt to rescue the colts anyways. Henry Flemming Age Comparison :: essays research papers Henry Flemming Age Comparison Henry Flemming underwent a major change as he became older. He became more courageous as an older man than he was as a youth. It may have been that he had not matured at the time of the war or that the war had changed him and made him more courageous. Regardless the reason, the older Henry Flemming was much more courageous than he was as a youth and there are a few situations in which he was able to prove that his courage had grown.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times Henry would sit around and tell his stories of war. When he was asked if he was ever scared, Henry would tell the people listening that in fact he did get scared during battles. In fact, he even told them that at his first battle, he was so frightened that he fled from it. Telling a group of people that you had a weakness and were so scared that you had to flee from the danger takes a lot of courage. When Henry was a youth at war, he was terrified that someone would find out that he had fled and he was terrified of what people would say if they found out that he had fled, but Henry developed the courage to be able to freely admit to it and even laugh about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then, when he was in bed one evening, he arose out of bed to find his drunken help blabbering that the barn was on fire. When Henry ran outside, he discovered that the drunken help’s lantern had caused the fire. Then, without thinking twice, Henry ran into the barn to rescue the animals. He rescued them even after he had been injured by one or more of them. When Henry was younger at war, he would always think twice or even more than twice before he went into battle, but the older Henry did not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Henry thought he had rescued all of the animals and that they were safe, the drunken help reminded him of the colts that he had left in the burning barn. Henry automatically decided that he had to get the colts out of the barn. The crowd of neighbors that had gathered told him that it was too dangerous and that it was just a suicide mission. Henry looked at the burning barn and, knowing that he was risking his life, he said that he had to at least attempt to rescue the colts anyways.

Critically evaluate Samuel Huntington’s claims in “The Clash of Civilizations?” Essay

The abrupt end of the Cold War meant that the bipolar model of thinking which had dominated the sphere of World Politics for decades became obsolete. This new phase led to a renewal in thinking in the study of International Relations dubbed â€Å"the hundred schools of thought† which led to a wide spectrum of visions about the uncertain future of world affairs. One of the more prominent visions was the late Professor Samuel Huntington’s â€Å"Clash of Civilizations? † published in a 1993 Foreign Affairs article, where he predicted a growing pattern of conflict based on differences in cultural, religious and historical identity of entities he labelled civilizations instead of the ideological differences of the Cold War Era. Huntington’s thesis was a Realist response to Fukuyama’s 1992 book, The End of History and the Last Man. Fukuyama argued that the post-1991 world was left with no viable ideological alternative to liberal democracy and the free market economy predicting a new era of global consensus on democracy, justice, human rights and cooperation. ‘The nation will continue to be a central pole of identification, even if more and more nations come to share common economic and political forms of organization. ‘i Huntington’s premise was that ‘The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain as the most powerful actors in world affairs but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. ‘ii The controversial nature of Huntington’s thesis ensured the stern critique by some of his fellow academics for reasons including oversimplification, neglecting contradicting factors and inaccurate predictions. The tragedy of 9/11 and the events that followed revived the confidence in his thesis by his supporters who saw this as the conformation of Huntington’s predictions notably the inconsolable clash between Islam and the West. Huntington begins by describing the historical evolution of the nature of conflicts in the Western World; from the competition between monarchs and emperors for territorial and mercantile expansion leading to the emergence of nation states beginning with the French Revolution, to the rise of ideological conflict after the Bolshevik Revolutioniii. His Eurocentric bias is clear early as he quotes and perpetuates an idea put forward before by William Lind that these were primarily ‘Western Civil Wars’. Labelling World War II, the deadliest military conflict in history which involved the majority of the world’s nations, as such greatly diminishes the involvement and sacrifices made by people across the world. Notably the Soviet Union which was mainly composed of nations Huntington would regard as part of a Slavic-Orthodox civilization sustained the highest amount of casualties totalling at around twenty-seven millioniv. Later in the paragraph, Huntington writes ‘peoples and governments of non-Western civilizations no longer remain the objects of history as targets of Western colonialism but join the West as movers of history’ as if to suggest that events occurring in non-western parts of the world somehow do not constitute as history if they don’t involve or have a felt effect upon Western society. Although the leadership of the West in fields such as science, technology and engineering for the larger part in recent centuries is indisputable; Jewish philosophy, Hindu mathematics, Muslim astronomy and engineering contributed significantly to the foundations of what we know today and this shouldn’t be undermined. The sharing and borrowing of ideas between the different corners of the world through the millennia’s that’s still going on today suggests a long-term cooperation instead of a clash of civilizations in our common pursuit of knowledge. According to Huntington a civilization is ‘ the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity’v. He divides the world’s population into seven civilizations as well as hinting at the possibility of a Caribbean and an African civilization; Africa being indeed a continent known for its vast diversity of cultures and traditionsvi. He defines a civilization by what he calls objective elements such as language, history and primarily religion as well as by the subjective self-identification of people. Huntington argues the onset of globalization has led to increased levels of interaction between peoples of different civilizations, which in turn intensifies civilization consciousness and brings to the forefront their cultural differences which unlike ideological and political differences are fundamental and much less mutable and hence less easily compromised. It’s clear that people instinctively identify themselves closely to others who share common traditions, customs and history; I hold the belief however that Huntington downplays the penetration of globalization and focuses on one aspect of its possible consequences. It’s not the differences that drive cultural conflict between peoples; it’s the lack of understanding which in turn creates prejudices and fears. The increased interactions between peoples have led to a wider acceptance of and fascination with other cultures, helping us understand why foreign societies live the way they do. Huntington argues: ‘†¦Russians cannot become Estonians and Azeri’s cannot become Armenian’vii. An Estonian living in Russia will absorb aspects of Russian culture depending on one’s willingness, length of stay and the extent to which one feels alienated or accepted by Russian society. Thus the objective elements invoked are not convincingly definitive in determining one’s identity; an Englishman may choose to convert to Islam while a Chinese citizen in Shanghai may choose to learn French as a pastime. Globalization in itself has penetrated the long-standing limitations in global trade of the past; politicians ever increasingly have to consider the global implications of domestic policy. More than ever national states around the world are dependent upon each other; the United States Demands Chinese goods while China needs the US to buy its goods. Huntington ascribes ideas such as constitutionalism, human rights, the rule of law, free markets and democracy as Western; unable to gain a foothold in other civilizations. He writes: ‘Modern democratic government originated in the West. When it has developed in non-western societies it has usually been the product of the western colonialism or imposition’viii. suggesting that somehow peoples of other civilizations may not be able to sustain or see the benefits of a form of democratic governance. The people of India would point out that democratic government was formed in their country despite, not because of the Westix. Today more than two-thirds of the world’s governments operate in some form of democracy, which reaffirms the idea that democracy is a universal value, contradicting Huntington’s view of its general Western exclusivity. If asked, most Middle-Easterners would prefer the idea of a democratic to authoritarian governancex; the limitation of democratic development in the region however is a product of the unstable and incompatible political landscape rather than the irreconcilability of the culture. Defining the religious aspects of the Western Civilization, Huntington justifies the grouping of Protestant and Catholic Christians into a single entity by emphasizing shared experiences in European history such as the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution which in turn separates them from the Orthodox Christians beyond Central Europexi. Although it is evident that the closer proximity of those events has influenced Protestants and Catholics more than their Orthodox counterparts, the closer resemblance of Catholic and Orthodox practices and beliefs as opposed to Protestants is however neglected. Huntington consistently appeals to religion as the primary source of cultural identity, rightly so, to a Christian the creeds of their religion have a profound influence on their world view and thus how they would identify themselves. When speaking of the Islamic civilization however, Huntington doesn’t seem to make the effort to differentiate between the major denominations of Shia, Sunni and Sufism which have so strongly influenced the historical and especially current political landscape of the Middle-East. In a passionate attempt to warn his fellow Americans of the potential threats that their country may face in the post-Cold War environment, Huntington essentially perpetuated ideas that were dangerous and self-fulfilling. The existence of a Confucian-Islamic connection that may threaten the West described by Huntingtonxii is yet to be empirically verified, as the Chinese and US economies remain inter-linked and Barrack Obama moves towards a policy of dialogue in the Middle-East. Given the history of US foreign policy, legislators would have found Huntington’s paradigm easy to understand and convenient in terms of implementation. A worldview of distrust towards foreign powers that demands the maintaining of military superiority in the name of security panders to the powerful military industrial complex in the US. In order to maintain peace, global stability and have any hopes of dealing with transnational issues such as global warming, policy makers should regard all nations as members of the world community and work closer with international organizations such as the UN and WTO in establishing universal laws. The alienation and coercion of other governments will indeed create an atmosphere of antagonism and hostility.